Ornaments
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Ornaments are added to sheet music to add a flourish to the notes played.
These two kinds of grace notes add a note before the main one:
acciaccatura / crushed note - play the extra note briefly, with emphasis on the main note appoggiatura - play the extra note, then the main note (equal value)
These add a note afterwards:
mordent - play the note, one above, then the note again lower mordent (inverted) - play the note, one below, then the note again trill - quickly alternate between the note and one above
And these turns add even more notes:
turn - play note above, note, note below, note turn after - play note, then note above, note, note below, note inverted turn - play note below, note, note above, note
Read more: Wikipedia