Dynamics
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Dynamics are the volume of music - usually shown by abbreviations from this range:
- pp - pianissimo - very soft
- p - piano - soft
- mp - mezzo piano - medium soft
- mf - mezzo forte - medium loud
- f - forte - loud
- ff - fortissimo - very loud
Volume change is shown by crescendo (cresc - gradually louder) or diminuendo (dim - gradually softer) - or by hairpins like these: < >
Read more: Wikipedia